Wednesday, March 23, 2016

The Holes in the Hallucination Theory

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Not long ago I was watching a documentary about the U.S. Navy SEALs and the intense training they must endure to be inducted into this elite fighting force. At the beginning of their extensive “weeding-out” process the cadets must survive “Hell Week.” The trainees must pass a series of grueling tests—they must be drilled in the cold ocean for hours at a time, they must work as a team carrying heavy logs and a two-hundred-pound Zodiac raft, they must go without food, warmth, and keep mentally strong on only a few hours of sleep. On average, only 25% of SEAL candidates pass through Hell Week, making it the toughest training in the U.S. Military.

The incredible stress and extreme exhaustion of this training has caused many of the cadets to experience hallucinations. One man thought he “saw” a train barreling toward him out of the ocean, another believed that he and his team were about to paddle their raft into a solid wall, while another was convinced that an octopus came out of the water and waved at him.[1] When these false perceptions of reality were pointed out to other cadets, no one else saw them, even though they were all experiencing the same physical and mental pressure.

I mention this story because it relates to a common objection given by skeptics attempting to explain away the resurrection of Jesus by naturalistic theories. Commonly called, “the hallucination theory” proponents of this view argue that that what Jesus’ disciples really experienced on that first Easter Sunday were vivid hallucinations of the risen Christ. In other words, the disciples wanted to believe the claims that Jesus would really rise from the dead and so their sub-conscious willed grand and glorious visions of a resurrected Jesus complete with an empty tomb, angelic appearances and personal experiences touching His nail-scarred body.

It doesn’t take long for anyone with a lick of common sense to realize that the skeptics are hallucinating if they think this alternate explanation really has a leg to stand on.  

First, we should note that hallucinations are not experienced by groups only by individuals. They are not collective experiences. Remember the Navy SEALS? Several of them experienced false perceptions of reality, but none of them were the same. Hallucinations are like dreams in this way. Imagine that you wake up in the middle of the night and you say to your spouse, “Honey, I just had a dream that we were in Hawaii. Come back to sleep and join me in my dream and we’ll enjoy a free vacation together.” We all know this is impossible, because you can’t share dreams. In the same way, mass hallucinations are out of the realm of possibility.

Clinical psychologist Gary Collins explains, “Hallucinations are individual occurrences. By their very nature only one person can see a given hallucination at a time. They certainly are not something that can be experienced by a group of people. Since a hallucination exists only in the subjective, personal sense, it is obvious that others cannot witness it.”[2]

Second, the hallucination theory doesn’t work because Jesus appeared on twelve separate occasions, to over 500 eyewitnesses during a forty day period (1 Cor. 15:3-8). According to the Gospel accounts four times the risen Christ was touched and four times people ate with Him. It strains all believability that hundreds of people could experience the same hallucination for that amount of time.


Keep in mind that Jesus not only appeared to His disciples but to His skeptical brother James (1 Cor. 15:7), as well as to Saul of Tarsus (later to become the apostle Paul), a self-professed enemy of the Christian faith (Acts 9). How likely is it that these two would also have individual hallucinations of a resurrected Jesus to whom they had no previous commitment?

Third, the hallucination theory cannot explain the empty tomb and the missing body. If the disciples really were seeing imaginary things then the Roman or Jewish authorities could have taken them to tomb and showed them that it was still sealed up. Moreover, they could have paraded Jesus corpse around the streets of Jerusalem and emphatically put an end to the preaching of the Gospel. That would have ended Christianity forever. If the resurrection was a hallucination, then why did the guards report the body missing? (Matt. 28:11-15).

This theory simply does not have any explanatory power, nor does it fit the facts. When all of these factors are taken into account, the hallucination theory crumbles under the weight of evidence. Thus, the Christian can remain confident that Christ has risen in power and glory!
-DM





[1] Gray Habermas and Michael Licona, The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel, 2004), 106.
[2] Josh and Sean McDowell, Evidence for the Resurrection (Ventura, CA: Regal, 2009), 208. 

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